![]() Females are forced to reproduce and, after gestation, are separated from their offspring, resulting in increased cortisol levels and vocalizations (Hudson & Mullord, 1977). ![]() ![]() In factory farms, animals remain tethered or confined (European Convention for the Protection of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes, 2009), in many cases without access to daylight, and often suffer from castration or (tail and horn) mutilation without anaesthetics (Eur-Lex, 2008). That is, animal agriculture requires the intensification of housing systems to obtain the desired output level (Harfeld, 2011) as quickly as possible. A substantial reduction in meat consumption can directly benefit human health, as it can decrease the risks of obesity, type 2 diabetes (Liu et al., 2018), cancers (WCRF, 2007 Oostindjeret et al., 2014) and cardiovascular diseases (Zhong et al., 2020).Īs an inherent condition of laissez-faire liberalism, modern factory farming operates under many of the same parameters as other production industries (Harfeld, 2011). At a time when hunger affects one billion people across the globe (Grainger, 2016), animal farming is excessively demanding in its use of natural resources (FAO, 2006 Young, 2010). ![]() ![]() The current impacts of factory farming are quite concerning and deserve greater attention from educational actors, students and consumers, as the livestock sector is partly responsible for environmental degradation (Jamieson, 1998 Young, 2010 FAO, 2013 Gerber et al., 2013) and global warming (IPCC, 2019). ![]()
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